Understanding jobs-housing imbalance in urban China: A case study of Shanghai

Shanghai has experienced a rapid process of urbanization and urban expansion, which increases travel costs limits job accessibility for the economically disadvantaged population. This paper investigates jobs-housing imbalance problem in at subdistrict-level (census-level) reaches following conclusions. First, shows ring pattern is evident mainly suburban areas periphery metropolitan area because opportunities are highly concentrated while residential sprawling. Second, structural factors such as high housing prices sprawling development significantly contribute to imbalance. Third, regional planning policies zones due specialized industrial structure limited availability housing. However, geographically weighted regression reveals traditional Pudong district exceptional insofar government policy created spatial heterogeneity there. In addition, multilevel model used this study suggests regions with usually have well-connected streets, represents local government’s efforts reduce excessive commuting times by